[v24.2.x] `storage`: use `std::deque` as `segment_set::underlying_t`

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #26113 to branch v24.2.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.2.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-26113-v24.2.x-794
git cherry-pick -x c9a6a65f3b

git push origin manual-backport-26113-v24.2.x-794
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.2.x] `storage`: use `std::deque` as `segment_set::underlying_t`" \
  --base "v24.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-26113-v24.2.x-794" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/26113 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-10065](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-10065)

[CORE-10065]: https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-10065?atlOrigin=eyJpIjoiNWRkNTljNzYxNjVmNDY3MDlhMDU5Y2ZhYzA5YTRkZjUiLCJwIjoiZ2l0aHViLWNvbS1KU1cifQ